sur isMGIaf BujMgI mfsko c

- amrjIq cMdn

(amrjIq cMdn df ieh afrtIkl kuJ sfl pihlF Cp cuwkf hY. ‘sIrq’ dy pfTkF dI idlcspI leI dubfrf Cfipaf jf irhf hY)

buD isMG iZwloN nfqsIvfd dI iÈkwsq mgroN 1945 c sLfied brlIn ivc

krqfr kOr iZwloN dI ilKq bz iZwloN aqy ‘qoqy dI cuMJ’;
pMjfbI AulQf: sfDU ibinMg, kukns, 2002; pMj zfly

hor dsF sflF ƒ Bfrq dI afjLfdI dI amrIkf c sMn 1913 c cwlI Êdr lihr ƒ pUrI sdI ho jfxI hY. iehdIaF XfdgfrF sfnPLRFissko qy jlMDr c bxIaF hoeIaF hn. keIaF ny iehdI aDUrI qvfrIKL ilKI hY. iehdy keI pwK hOlLI-hOlLI hux jf ky KuwlHx lwgy hn. Êdr qy ikrqI lihr bfbq dwKxI amrIkf dy dysF (brfjLIl, mYksIko, arjntfeInf), cIn, jfpfn, brmf, ieMglYNz, qurkI, rUs, ietlI, PLrFs qy jrmnI dIaF srkfrI imslF hfly qfeIN iksy ny nhIN vfcIaF. ienHF ƒ GoiKaF hI ies lihr dIaF ZkIaF, axgOlLIaF qy awqkQnIaF df inqfrf hoxf hY. iesy qrHF df axgOilLaf bMdf ‘bz’ iZwloN sI (buD aMgryËI c bz ho igaf). buD isMG bfrF sflF dI inwkI Aumry 1922 ivc kYilÌornIaf qoN rfjy mhyNdR pRqfp dy sq jixaF dy jwQy c rlL ky ‘iqwbq imsLn’ ’qy cIn igaf sI. rUs puwjx vflLf iekwlf buD isMG sI. EdoN ku BfeI rqn isMG, sMqoK isMG, dfdy mIr hYdr ƒ rUsI ienklfb dy rfh df pqf lwgf sI qy AunHF ny Êdr qy ikrqI pfrtI dy koeI 80 (awsI) kfmy rUs ienklfb dI awg lYx Gwly sI. pr buD isMG df vyrvf hux jf ky pqf lwgf hY. krqfr kOr iZwloN dI ilKq bz iZwloN aqy ‘qoqy dI cuMJ’ Êdr lihr dI qfrIÉ dIaF axizwT qMdF ƒ myÜdI hY, ijhdf pqf kuJ ku ÊdrI afgUaF ƒ hI sI. krqfr qy buD sky BYx-BfeI sI. ienHF dy mfpy bÉÈIÈ isMG qy rqn kOr (pykf ipMz gumtI) kYilÌornIaf c mfJy dy AuWGy ipMz sur isMG qoN sMn 1899 c gey sI. bÉÈIÈ isMG dy vzyry rxjIq isMG dI ÌOj c huMdy sI. ieh afp ÌrMgIaF dI ÌOj c BrqI ho ky cInIaF dI pIikMÕ dI bÊfvq dbfAux c shfeI hoieaf. ÌOj Cwz ky imrkx vl smuMdrI jhfËF c kMm krdf-krdf astorIaf kYilÌornIaf puwj igaf. iesy QF Êdr pfrtI bMnHx df pihlf kwT hoieaf sI. bÉÈIÈ isMG dI ibrqI BfeIbMdF dI mdd krn `c lwgI huMdI qy vqn dI afËfdI dI qFG Auhdy idl c vsI hoeI sI. kYilÌornIaf c jMmy krqfr kOr hurIN AuprQÜI dy awT BYx-BfeI sI. krqfr qy buD df Aumr df Ìrk do-iqMn sflF df hI hoxY. ies ikqfb c BYx dIaF puwCF dy moV Brf ny idwqy hoey hn. dUjy QF krqfr kOr ny apxI kQf ilKI hY. buwD df jnm 28 jnvrI 1912 df hY aqy 23 julfeI 1998 ƒ pUrf hoieaf sI. ikqfb dy mwQy `qy CpI sMn 1998 dI qsvIr c ‘qoqy dI cuMJ’ vrgy nwk vfÜI BYx qfro apxy Kwby hwQ nIvIN pfeI KVHy 86 sflF dy Coty Brf buD dI Bry iekwT nfÜ isafx krvf rhI hY. (BYx-Brf dI aYsI mfxmwqI sFJ mYN pihlF kdy nhIN sI dyKI suxI. irqivk Gtk dI bMgflI iÌlm cyqy afeI, ijs c BYx-Brf iekwTy tYgor df gIq gfAuNdy hn.) aYn iesy QF XugFqr afÈrm dI pUry 75 sfl pihlF dI qsvIr vI hY – Êdr pfrtI dy JMzy dI qfby rfjy mhyNdR pRqfp nfÜ sq jixaF c ÌOjI vrdI pfeI bIbf rfxf axdfhVIaf buD isMG vI KVHf hY.
jwQy df cIn jfxf ikqfb nhIN dwsdI ik buD isMG ny rfjy dy nfÜ cIn jfx df mqf ikwdF pkfieaf sI. bs eynf hI dwisaf hY ik ipAu puq brkly XUnivristI qoN gey ihMdI pfiVHaF dy nfÜ sYkrfmYNto c pYÜI guwzdy sI ik puq ny ipAu ƒ jfx df dwisaf. Gry mF ny QohVf idl Cwizaf qy rox lwgI, qF bÉÈIÈ isMG ny Auhƒ dsvyN pfqÈfh df qy sfihbËfidaF df cyqf krfieaf. ibRMdfbn vl dI iksy irafsq dy rfjy mhyNdR pRqfp ny gwdIEN lwQ ky pihlF kfbl jf ky ihMdusqfn dI jlfvqn srkfr bxfeI sI. Pyr 1924 c amrIkf Êdr pfrtI koÜ bMdy qy pYsy mMgx igaf sI. pfrtI ny Auhƒ qIh hËfr zfly kwTy kr idwqy. AuhdI agvfeI c swqF df jwQf pfsportF ibnF jnvrI 1924 ƒ hFÕkFÕ jpfnI jhfË c rvfnf hoieaf. buD isMG df nF ÈmÈyr isMG vI sI. ieh qoN ibnF iehieh jxy sI: gyNdf isMG srHfÜF klF huiÈafrpur df, ZwizaF df dsONDf isMG mfn, ieMdr isMG tUtomjfrIaf, ibÈn isMG burjF df, Dulyqy df crn isMG aqy huiÈafrpur KyiVaF df duwlf isMG. ies imÈn df hvfeI mksd sI: cIn qoN hiQafr lY ky iqbq-nypfl QfxIN ihMdI ienklfbIaF ƒ phMucfx df pRbMD krnf. (sÌf 22) BfeI rqn isMG df rfjy nfÜ bMdy nf Gwlx df sunyhf amrIkf Êdr pfrtI ƒ vyly isr imiÜaf nhIN sI. BfeI jI qy qyjf isMG suqMqr ny iqbq imÈn dy nF nfÜ jfxy-jFdy ies AuWdm ƒ “pYsy qy bMidaF dI brbfdI” ikhf sI. (dyKo: Bgq isMG ibÜgy dI 1989 c CpI ikqfb Êdr lihr dy axPoÜy vrky (sÌf 142). aYsI hflq dhfkf pihlF mYvirk jhfË dy ÊdrIaF dI hoeI sI. rsqy dI vfrqf ivc rfjy df ingmf koeI bfhÜf cMgf nhIN hY. iehI ik Auh PMU-PF vfÜf bMdf sI. afp Auh Auqly drjy c sÌr krdf sI, pr nfÜ dy jhfË dy iZwz (stIaryj) c ssqy QF qVy huMdy. Auh apxy afp ƒ iswK gurUaF brobr smJdf sI. Auh nvF “pRym Drm” clfAux ƒ iPrdf sI. jwQf hFÕkFÕ dI QF qokIE rfs ibhfrI bos koÜ Auqr igaf. rfjf nfÜ-idaF nfÜ koeI isafsI gwl nhIN sI krdf. Auhny iek hËfr zfly bos ƒ idwqy; bfkI apxy koÜ hI rwKy. jwQy df kul BfVf cfr ku sO hI lwgf sI.

3
Êdr pfrtI dy idwqy bfkI pYisaF df kI bixaF? buD isMG rfs ibhfrI bos bfry dsdf hY: “bos mYƒ bVf GmMzI bMdf lwgf sI. kdy vI sfzy nfÜ brfbr idaF vFg gwl nhIN sI kIqI. bs sfƒ lÈkr hI idMdf rihMdf sI.” ienHF ‘pyÈfvr’ ienklfbIaF bfbq buD isMG hor vI bVIaF kOVIaF gwlF krdf hY. jwQf bVI AuzIk ipwCoN qokIE qoN korIaf qy Pyr AuWqrI mfncUrIaf huMdf cIn puwjf. buD isMG dwsdf hY: pIikMg c rfjf afp qF mihMgy qoN mihMgy hotl c Tihiraf qy sfzf iksy dy Gr itkfxf kr idwqf. asIN PwitaF `qy sONdy sI. iksy cInI jrnYl ny rfjy ƒ kuJ rÌlF qy do GoVsvfr idwqy. (ieh dohvyN aPImcI inkÜy. rÌlF clfeIaF, cwlIaF nf; goÜIaF myc nf afeIaF.) mhfn kMD dy nfÜ-nfÜ awT mhIny pYdl qurdy gey. rfh c Kwz c GoVy sxy izgdy sfQI gyNdf isMG ƒ bcfAux dI QF rfjy ƒ kYmry nfÜ AuhdI Ìoto iKwcx dI vD icMqf lwgI sI. bImfr pey buD ƒ Cwz ky rfjf QohVy ku pYsy dy ky afp agFh qurdf bixaf. jwQy dy idloN rfjf mUÜoN hI Auqr igaf qy sfiraF rÜ ky Auhƒ kuwitaf sI. buD isMG, ibÈn isMG burj qy crn isMG Dulyqf hfr ky jfpfn muV gey. EQy jf ky rfjy df idwqf cYWk jd quVfieaf, qF Auh jfalI inkiÜaf. ieQy pfrtI ny buD ƒ sunyhf Gwilaf ik jF Auh cIn dI imltrI akfdmI c pVnHy pvy jF qurkI vflLI akfdmI c. “qurkI dI gwl qyjf isMG afËfd [suqMqr] dI imhrbfnI nfÜ bxI. Auh EQy pVH cuwkf sI qy Auh iesy dy hwk c sI.” (sÌf 28) qurkI jFidaF-jFidaF buD isMG mfsko c hI itk ky pUrb dy ikrqIaF dI XUnIvristI c pVHn lg ipaf. EdoN iehdI Aumr sfrI 13 sfl dI sI. EQy iksy afieÈf nF dI kuVI nfÜ inafxI Aumr dy ipafr dI sYnq hY. buD ny bVy sflF ipwCoN apxI DI df nF Esy kuVI dy nF `qy Diraf sI.  dMd kQfvF vfÜI ikrqIaF dI XUnIvristI df hfl buD isMG ny vyrvy nfÜ dwisaf hY. Aus vyly EQy BfeI rqn isMG, pRIqm isMG qy hrjfp isMG vI mfrksvfd-lyinnvfd pVHdy sI. sfry bflÈivk lIzrF df afAux-jfx vI rihMdf sI. Auh qIsrI kimAuinst ieMtrnYÈnl df Ëmfnf sI. buD isMG dsdf hY ik Ausqfd Auhƒ rqn isMG nfÜoNN isafxf smJdy sI qy hrjfp isMG ƒ aMgryËI nhIN sI afAuNdI! bfq bVI lMbI hY. muwkdI gwl ieh ik Êdr pfrtI ny buD isMG ƒ sMn 1929 c dUjI vfrI Pyr mfsko hor BfrqIaF dI pVHfeI df pRbMD krn vfsqy Gwl idwqf. Gr muV ky Auh lokF dy KyqF c kMm krn lwgf. iqMn sflF mgroN 1932 c buD dI mF rqn kOr pUrI ho geI. ipqf bÉÈIÈ isMG Cy sfl pihlF muwk igaf sI.

dUjI vwzI jMg
dUjI vwzI jMg vyly buD df sB qoN Cotf BfeI hrI aTfrF df hoieaf sI. sfry Brf ÌfiÈËm iÉlfÌ lVn leI amrIkI ÌOj c BrqI ho gey. buD PLrFs dy morcy ivc sfrjYNt bx ky liVaf qy bhfdrI df qmgLf ijwiqaf. hrI EkInfvf dy smuMdr kMZy mfiraf igaf. sMn 1947 c buD df iksy afieirÈ amrIkI qIvIN nfÜ ivafh ho igaf. Auh bIbI lfiebRyrIan qy tryz XUnIainst sI. 1950hF dy awD c buD XUrp qoN motrvYn c apxIaF dohvF DIaF qy GrvfÜI nfÜ pMjfb apxy jwdI ipMz sur isMG igaf sI qy ÊdrI afgUaF ƒ lB-lB ky imiÜaf. (ieiqhfsk ipMz sur isMG dy buD isMG iZwloN vrgy keI bMdy bVy krnI vfÜy hoey hn. AunHF dI Xfdgfr ipMz c jy nhIN, qF hoxI cfhIdI hY. ieho ijhy ajfiebGrF dI hr ipMz qy hr Èihr c loV hY.) apxy 86vyN sfl c buD isMG sfn ÌrFissko dI styt XUnIvristI c ieqflvI, rUsI qy pulItIkl ÌlsÌy dI pVHfeI krdf sI. ihrK vfÜI gwl hY ik isafxf-ibafxf buD isMG apxIaF XfdF afp nhIN ilK ky rK igaf. hux AuhdIaF ieh bfqF hI bhuq hn. 

XugFqr afÈrm
pfTkF ny Êdr pfrtI dy dPLqr XugFqr afÈrm (BfeIbMdF dI bolI c ‘juigMdr’ afÈrm) dI iemfrq dI purfxI qsvIr dyKI hoxI hY. Auh asl QF ÈMkrIey vËIr svrn isMG ny mulk afËfd hox mgroN Zuaf ky kuhjy nmUny dI bxvfeI sI. iehƒ dyK ky mwQf Txkdf hY. buD isMG df ies bfbq ieh kihxf hY: iek hor bVI Èrm vfÜI gwl hY ik Bfrq srkfr ny 5 vuwz stRIt vfÜf pihlf afÈrm Zfh idwqf.[[[hux vfÜf hfl pihly afÈrm dy pYrF vrgf vI nhIN. (sÌf 49) jlMDr dyÈBgq Xfdgfr hfl dy nfÜ dI nvIN iemfrq XugFqr afÈrm dy nmUny dI bxfAux leI mYN Bgq isMG ibÜgf ƒ bynqI kIqI sI. AunHF suxI nhIN. Auh hux XugFqr afÈrm df afrkItYktF vfÜf mOzl bxvf ky ÈIÈy c mVfH ky qF rK skdy hn. qoqy dI cuMJ ikqfb dy agly ihwsy c krqfr kOr dI apxI iviQaf hY. iehdf twbr bVf vwzf sI, ijhdy c axigxq ÊdrI vI sn. ienHF dIaF gwlF kridaF apxI mF qy pqI ÊdrI sUrq isMG igwl hwQoN hoeI durgiq dI gwl KuwlH ky ilKI hY. iehny apxf afdmI Cwz idwqf sI. mF DI ƒ iZwzoN nhIN sI locdI. iehƒ ‘qoqy dI cuMJ vflLIey’ kihky bulfAuNdI iehdf idl sfVdI rihMdI sI. mF DI df ieh klyÈ pVH ky mn `qy Bfr pYNdf hY. mF hI DI dI vYrn hoAUgI, ieh swc nhIN afAuNdf. Pyr DI ƒ dohqI jMm ky apxI mF qoN ‘bdlf’ lYx qy puwq jMmy ijMnI ÉuÈI huMdI hY. pihly ihwsy c rfjy mhyNdR pRqfp dI BMzI kIqI hoeI hY. sfKIaF suxn-suxfAux vfiÜaF ƒ ieh gwlF vfrf nhIN KfxIaF. iek QF krqfr kOr ny Kyq kfimaF qy inq afieaF-igaF leI rotIaF dy swQry lfhuMdI apxI mF dI gwl lfz nfÜ vI kIqI hY: aOh rsoeI c axGVq myË duafly myry mF ipAu bYTy mYƒ hfly vI idsdy hn. mF apxy mfipaF ƒ pMjfbI c icwTI ilK ky Auhdy `qy pMCI qy vylbUty pfAux lwgI hY. bfpU myry skUl dI lIkF vfÜI kfpI `qy dIvy dI loey kivqf ilK irhf hY. (ieh qrjmf myrf hY! –a[cM [)
ikqfb df qrjmf qrjmf mfVf hY. ikqfb dy nF qoN pqf nhIN lgdf ik ivc kI hoAUgf. ikqfb df nF ÊdrI BYx Brf ZuwkvF hoxf sI. gyNdf isMG ƒ gMzf isMG krky iliKaf hY. sfDU ibinMg df kwly df ksUr nhIN; awj bVy vfrqk ilKfrI, sxy aKOqI BfÈf ivigafnIaF dy, sfzIaF awKF sfhmxy sfzI bolI df swiqafnfs kr rhy hn. ieh pMjfbI c aMgryËI/ihMdI ilKdy hn. pMjfbI df iÌkrf aMgryËI iÌkry vFÕ iliKaf huMdf hY. aMgryËI afrtIkl ‘iek’ vrqx dI KotI afdq sfiraF ƒ hY. TyT BfKf koeI ivrlf hI ilKdf hY. suhjy pfTk ƒ ies ikqfb dI mOilk aMgryËI vfÜI ilKq pVHnI cfhIdI hY, jo ÊdrfeIt (nvMbr 1998) ivc CpI sI qy dyÈ Bgq Xfdgfr jlMDroN imldI hoxI hY. ÈOkIaf ieiqhfskfrF ƒ myrI bynqI hY ik Auh ikqfb dy aÉIr c GtnfvlI qy ikqfb c afey nfvF-QfvF dI sUcI ËrUr Cfipaf krn.

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